The 2007 Nobel Prize was well deserved by game theorists.
Design Mechanisms for Democracy, Prosperity, and Liberty
by Fred E. Foldvary,
Senior Editor
The 2007 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was won by Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, and Roger B. Myerson, all three American economists, "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory." Their work has been in the field called "game theory," in which the players engage in strategic interaction.
For example, if a seller wants to get the highest possible price for something not sold in mass markets, an auction would be a good solution, and the design to get the highest prize would be that the highest bidder wins but pays the bid of the second highest bidder, or a small increment above that. This auction design generates an incentive to bid high.
Mechanism design is not confined to game theory, as it applies to designing institutions in general. Following are some applications that would generate the incentives for policies that provide for democracy, liberty, prosperity, equity, and sustainability.
1. Demand revelation.. When a those in a club or governmental jurisdiction decide on providing themselves with a collective good, voting can result in bad outcomes, where the total benefit is greater than the total cost, yet the group votes against it. Demand revelation is a design in which instead of voting yes or no, each member states the most he would be willing to pay for the good. The group buys it if the total of stated values is greater than the cost. Then if any stated value changed the outcome relative to having stated the average cost, that person has to pay an extra amount equal to the net values of all the others, their stated values minus their costs. That creates an incentive to truthfully reveal one's true value, and the outcome is better than "yes no" voting.
2. Cellular democracy. Mass voting is dysfunctional because it creates a huge demand for campaign funds, and special interests provide much of the funding in return for favors. Cellular democracy is a design that puts all voting in small groups. People vote for local neighborhood councils, which in turn elect representatives to a regional council, and these in turn elect higher-level councils on up to the national legislature. That greatly reduces the demand for campaign funds and provides leverage for individuals to influence policy as power flows bottom up.
3. Land-value taxation. Taxes on wages, business profits, buildings, and sales create an excess burden on the economy, a waste of resources caused by the tax costs. We can redesign the public finance mechanisms to the ultimate tax reform, shifting taxation to land value or land rent. Since land is fixed in supply, and land rent reflects the benefits from civic services, tapping site values for public revenue is efficient and equitable. Shifting to land value taxation creates the incentives for the efficient use of land and eliminates the disincentives of punitive taxes.
4. Constitutional liberty. Putting rules in a constitution makes them more difficult to remove and makes them better known. The Liberty Amendment would make it illegal for government to restrict peaceful and honest activity. This constitutional law would in one fell swoop eliminate all laws that create crimes without victims.
5. The Green Tax Shift. An economic design mechanism to reduce pollution and boost the economy at the same time is the green tax shift, which replaces taxes laden with excess burdens with taxes proportional to damage from pollution. Combined with land value taxation, the green tax shift would eliminate all the excessive burdens of taxation, providing economic gains rather than losses from reducing climate-changing emissions.
These five design mechanism shows how we can design our institutions to create better outcomes. We can have more effective democracy, greater economic growth and prosperity, less pollution, and more liberty with mechanism design theory. So the 2007 economics prize is well deserved and could help us pay more attention to institutional design.
Copyright 2007 by Fred E. Foldvary. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, which includes but is not limited to facsimile transmission, photocopying, recording, rekeying, or using any information storage or retrieval system, without giving full credit to Fred Foldvary and The Progress Report.
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Also see: Looking Inside the Brains of the Stingy
Popular Ownership of the Commons
Property and Liberty |
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